ISH procedures including at least 3 tests for probe and enzyme concentrations on our universal tissue arrays. Detection reagents and universal tissue arrays are free for digoxigenin labeled probes.

With our comprehensive tissue bank, we can organize tissue samples relevant to a disease process, a pathological feature or a group of pathological conditions into pathology panels or models. IHC or ISH analysis with appropriate antibodies or RNA probes of these panels or models (in either single tissue sections or TMAs) allows easy observation, comparison and correlation of target expression patterns and the disease process under investigation. All these will form an effective approach to verify disease associated targets and eliminate non-relevant targets even at very early stage of drug discovery. 1. Inflammatory models: We can provide tissue samples covering a wide spectrum of inflammatory process, from acute reaction to chronic inflammation either related to multiple organs or related to a specific organ, such as COPD lesions, various types of hepatitis. 2. Models for diseases of immunity: We can organize tissue samples for autoimmune disease, such as Graves diseases, psoriasis for our customers. 3. Oncology models: We can organize samples into different panels for validation of targets that may be associated with a). evolution from premalignant to malignant; b). progression from low grade to high grade; c). differences between normal and tumor; d). differences between primary and metastatic tumors; e). differences between good treatment response and poor response; f). occurrence of apoptosis; g). development of angiogenesis.

With commercial image analysis software, we can provide accurate quantitative analysis for nuclear, membrane and cytoplasmic markers identified by IHC, IF, ISH or special staining on cell smears/spins and tissue sections. 1. Cell number counting - positive cells per section, per TMA core or per high power view; 2. H-Score analysis � Software will identify and record negative (- or 0), weak (+ or 1), moderate (++ or 2) and strong (+++ or 3) staining intensity, and positive rate (%) of each intensity category for the target cells across the section or view under analysis. H-Score is then calculated by the formula: (3 x percentage of strongly stained target cells) + (2 x percentage of moderately stained target cells) + (1 x percentage of weakly stained target cells), giving a range of 0 to 300. 3. Positive IHC (protein), ISH (RNA) or special staining area vs negative area across the whole section or region of interest (ROI). Our software can identify different color, texture and contextual features, and segment them into appropriate areas (such as normal, tumor, necrosis, fibrosis or stromal areas) that can be analyzed (into percentage) and compared.

DNA and RNA probe design for ISH

Cutting single tissue section on charged slide at 4 um thickness

Cutting section with special requirement

Cutting large size array section on charged slide at 4um thickness

Cutting medium size array section on charged slide at 4um thickness

Direct scoring by eyes under a microscope is the most preferred and least expensive method for IHC, IF and ISH staining analysis. We provide the following semi-quantitative analyses for nuclear, membrane and cytoplasmic markers on cell smears/spins and tissue sections: 1. Basic analysis � including negative (- or 0), weak (+ or 1), moderate (++ or 2) and strong (+++ or 3) for average staining intensity, and positive rate (%) of the target cells across the section under analysis. 2. Semi-quantitative H-Score analysis - This is obtained by the formula: (3 x percentage of strongly stained target cells) + (2 x percentage of moderately stained target cells) + (1 x percentage of weakly stained target cells), giving a range of 0 to 300. 3. Detailed semi-quantitative analysis � Detailed staining intensity results are recorded as: �0� is negative. �0.5� is borderline staining with no significance. �1� is weak staining. �1.5� is weak staining with foci of moderate staining. �2� is moderate staining. �2.5� is moderate staining with foci of strong staining. �3� is homogeneous strong staining. �3.5� is very strong and homogeneous staining with no significant background. �4� is over staining usually with background staining. Any figure in between can be described towards the description of the higher end, for example, 2.7 can be considered as strong staining. The average positive rate (%) of the target cells across each section is also recorded.

For all new therapeutic antibodies, it is required by regulatory agencies to assess their safety by examining and identifying their potential cross reactivity (TCR) on a panel of 33 normal tissue types from at least three individuals. Following FDA recommendations, we can provide IHC based-TCR examination on: 1. Single tissue sections of 33 normal tissue types on three or more individuals; 2. Low cost TMA of 33 normal tissue types on one individual (MNO341)l; 3. TMA of 33 normal tissue types in duplicates (MNO661); 4. TMA of 33 normal tissue types of three individuals (MNO961 or MNO1021); 5. *Frozen TMA of 33 normal tissue types of one individual (total three sets of TMA from three individuals). �*� � under development.

Tissue processing procedures including trimming, cassettibg, dehydrating, paraffin-embedding

Re-embedding customer's block

We can provide FFPE single tissue blocks or TMA blocks of any format from common experimental animals, such as mouse (all the common strains), rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, dog, monkey. With our dedicated tissue processing center, we can fix, process and make these animal tissues into paraffin blocks according to customers� needs. With our tissue bank and hospital links, we can also organize a wide range of normal and diseased human FFPE tissues (from a few cases to over 1000 cases) for our customers following appropriate technical, ethic guidelines and consents.

We can repair any damage to a TMA paraffin block, such as craks, uneven surface, and shap alteration. We can also replace/refill any missing or unwanted core with an appropirate donor block

Arraying/coring from a donor block to a recipient block with special conditions, such as small biopsy samples, thin samples or hard to define samples

Arraying/coring from donor block to recipient block, per 4.5mm core

Arraying/coring from donor block to recipient block, per 2mm or 2.5mm core

Arraying/coring from donor block to recipient block, per 1mm or 1.5mm core

Transfer a marked spot from a slide to a donor block

Select and mark a spot on a stained slide by our pathologist